Author: Bryce, James Bryce, Viscount, 1838-1922
Holy Roman Empire — History
The Holy Roman Empire
Transcriber’s Note:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved.
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.
THE
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
BY
JAMES BRYCE, D.C.L.
FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE
and
PROFESSOR OF CIVIL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
THIRD EDITION REVISED
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1871
OXFORD:
By T. Combe, M.A., E. B. Gardner, and E. Pickard Hall,
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
The object of this treatise is not so much to give a narrative history of the countries included in the Romano-Germanic Empire—Italy during the middle ages, Germany from the ninth century to the nineteenth—as to describe the Holy Empire itself as an institution or system, the wonderful offspring of a body of beliefs and traditions which have almost wholly passed away from the world. Such a description, however, would not be intelligible without some account of the great events which accompanied the growth and decay of imperial power; and it has therefore appeared best to give the book the form rather of a narrative than of a dissertation; and to combine with an exposition of what may be called the theory of the Empire an outline of the political history of Germany, as well as some notices of the affairs of mediæval Italy. To make the succession of events clearer, a Chronological List of Emperors and Popes has been prefixed[1].
The present edition has been carefully revised and corrected throughout; and a good many additions have been made to both text and notes.
Lincoln’s Inn,
August 11, 1870.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. | ||
Introductory. | ||
CHAPTER II. | ||
The Roman Empire before the Invasion of the Barbarians. | ||
The Empire in the Second Century | 5 | |
Obliteration of National distinctions | 6 | |
Rise of Christianity | 10 | |
Its Alliance with the State | 10 | |
Its Influence on the Idea of an Imperial Nationality | 13 | |
CHAPTER III. | ||
The Barbarian Invasions. | ||
Relations between the Primitive Germans and the Romans | 15 | |
Their Feelings towards Rome and her Empire | 16 | |
Belief in its Eternity | 20 | |
Extinction by Odoacer of the Western branch of the Empire | 26 | |
Theodoric the Ostrogothic King | 27 | |
Gradual Dissolution of the Empire | 30 | |
Permanence of the Roman Religion and the Roman Law | 31 | |
CHAPTER IV. | ||
Restoration of the Empire in the West. | ||
The Franks | 34 | |
Italy under Greeks and Lombards | 37 | |
The Iconoclastic Schism | 38 | |
Alliance of the Popes with the Frankish Kings | 39 | |
The Frankish Conquest of Italy | 41 | |
Adventures and Plans of Pope Leo III | 43 | |
Coronation of Charles the Great | 48 | |
CHAPTER V. | ||
Empire and Policy of Charles. | ||
Import of the Coronation at Rome | 52 | |
Accounts given in the Annals of the time | 53 | |
Question as to the Intentions of Charles | 58 | |
Legal Effect of the Coronation | 62 | |
Position of Charles towards the Church | 64 | |
Towards his German Subjects | 67 | |
Towards the other Races of Europe | 70 | |
General View of his Character and Policy | 72 | |
CHAPTER VI. | ||
Carolingian and Italian Emperors. | ||
Reign of Lewis I | 76 | |
Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire | 78 | |
Beginnings of the German Kingdom | 79 | |
Italian Emperors | 80 | |
Otto the Saxon King | 84 | |
Coronation of Otto at Rome | 87 | |
CHAPTER VII. | ||
Theory of the Mediæval Empire. | ||
The World Monarchy and the World Religion | 91 | |
Unity of the Christian Church | 94 | |
Influence of the Doctrine of Realism | 97 | |
The Popes as heirs to the Roman Monarchy | 99 | |
Character of the revived Roman Empire | 102 | |
Respective Functions of the Pope and the Emperor | 104 | |
Proofs and Illustrations | 109 | |
Interpretations of Prophecy | 112 | |
Two remarkable Pictures | 116 | |
CHAPTER VIII. | ||
The Roman Empire and the German Kingdom. | ||
The German or East Frankish Monarchy | 122 | |
Feudality in Germany | 123 | |
Reciprocal Influence of the Roman and Teutonic Elements on the Character of the Empire | 127 | |
CHAPTER IX. | ||
Saxon and Franconian Emperors. | ||
Adventures of Otto the Great in Rome | 134 | |
Trial and Deposition of Pope John XII | 135 | |
Position of Otto in Italy | 139 | |
His European Policy | 140 | |
Comparison of his Empire with the Carolingian | 144 | |
Character and Projects of the Emperor Otto III | 146 | |
The Emperors Henry II and Conrad II | 150 | |
The Emperor Henry III | 151 | |
CHAPTER X. | ||
Struggle of the Empire and the Papacy. | ||
Origin and Progress of Papal Power | 153 | |
Relations of the Popes with the early Emperors | 155 | |
Quarrel of Henry IV and Gregory VII | 159 | |
Gregory’s Ideas | 160 | |
Concordat of Worms | 163 | |
General Results of the Contest | 164 | |
CHAPTER XI. | ||
The Emperors in Italy: Frederick Barbarossa. | ||
Frederick and the Papacy | 167 | |
Revival of the Study of the Roman Law | 172 | |
Arnold of Brescia and the Roman Republicans | 174 | |
Frederick’s Struggle with the Lombard Cities | 175 | |
His Policy as German King | 178 | |
CHAPTER XII. | ||
Imperial Titles and Pretensions. | ||
Territorial Limits of the Empire—Its Claims of Jurisdiction over other Countries | 182 | |
Hungary | 183 | |
Poland | 184 | |
Denmark | 184 | |
France | 185 | |
Sweden | 185 | |
Spain | 185 | |
England | 186 | |
Scotland | 187 | |
Naples and Sicily | 188 | |
Venice | 188 | |
The East | 189 | |
Rivalry of the Teutonic and Byzantine Emperors | 191 | |
The Four Crowns | 193 | |
Origin and Meaning of the title ‘Holy Empire’ | 199 | |
CHAPTER XIII. | ||
Fall of the Hohenstaufen. | ||
Reign of Henry VI | 205 | |
Contest of Philip and Otto IV | 206 | |
Character and Career of the Emperor Frederick II | 207 | |
Destruction of Imperial Authority in Italy | 211 | |
The Great Interregnum | 212 | |
Rudolf of Hapsburg | 213 | |
Change in the Character of the Empire | 214 | |
Haughty Demeanour of the Popes | 217 | |
CHAPTER XIV. | ||
The Germanic Constitution—the Seven Electors. | ||
Germany in the Fourteenth Century | 222 | |
Reign of the Emperor Charles IV | 225 | |
Origin and History of the System of Election, and of the Electoral Body | 225 | |
The Golden Bull | 230 | |
Remarks on the Elective Monarchy of Germany | 233 | |
Results of Charles IV’s Policy | 236 | |
CHAPTER XV. | ||
The Empire as an International Power. | ||
Revival of Learning | 240 | |
Beginnings of Political Thought | 241 | |
Desire for an International Power | 242 | |
Theory of the Emperor’s Functions as Monarch of Europe | 244 | |
Illustrations | 249 | |
Relations of the Empire and the New Learning | 251 | |
The Men of Letters—Petrarch, Dante | 254 | |
The Jurists | 256 | |
Passion for Antiquity in the Middle Ages: its Causes | 258 | |
The Emperor Henry VII in Italy | 262 | |
The De Monarchia of Dante | 264 | |
CHAPTER XVI. | ||
The City of Rome in the Middle Ages. | ||
Rapid Decline of the City after the Gothic Wars | 273 | |
Her Condition in the Dark Ages | 274 | |
Republican Revival of the Twelfth Century | 276 | |
Character and Ideas of Nicholas Rienzi | 278 | |
Social State of Mediæval Rome | 280 | |
Visits of the Teutonic Emperors | 282 | |
Revolts against them | 284 | |
Existing Traces of their Presence in Rome | 286 | |
Want of Mediæval, and especially of Gothic Buildings, in Modern Rome | 289 | |
Causes of this; Ravages of Enemies and Citizens | 291 | |
Modern Restorations | 292 | |
Surviving Features of truly Mediæval Architecture—the Bell-towers | 294 | |
The Roman Church and the Roman City | 296 | |
Rome since the Revolution | 299 | |
CHAPTER XVII. | ||
The Renaissance: Change in the Character of the Empire. | ||
Weakness of Germany | 302 | |
Loss of Imperial Territories | 303 | |
Gradual Change in the Germanic Constitution | 307 | |
Beginning of the Predominance of the Hapsburgs | 310 | |
The Discovery of America | 311 | |
The Renaissance and its Effects on the Empire | 311 | |
Projects of Constitutional Reform | 313 | |
Changes of Title | 316 | |
CHAPTER XVIII. | ||
The Reformation and its Effects upon the Empire. | ||
Accession of Charles V | 319 | |
His Attitude towards the Reformation | 321 | |
Issue of his Attempts at Coercion | 322 | |
Spirit and Essence of the Religious Movement | 325 | |
Its Influence on the Doctrine of the Visible Church | 327 | |
How far it promoted Civil and Religious Liberty | 329 | |
Its Effect upon the Mediæval Theory of the Empire | 332 | |
Upon the Position of the Emperor in Europe | 333 | |
Dissensions in Germany | 334 | |
The Thirty Years’ War | 335 | |
CHAPTER XIX. | ||
The Peace of Westphalia: Last Stage in the Decline of the Empire. | ||
Political Import of the Peace of Westphalia | 337 | |
Hippolytus a Lapide and his Book | 339 | |
Changes in the Germanic Constitution | 340 | |
Narrowed Bounds of the Empire | 341 | |
Condition of Germany after the Peace | 342 | |
The Balance of Power | 345 | |
The Hapsburg Empero
|
评论